[16], In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost much territory[17] to the Russian Empire over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day eastern Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. During these eventful years, Amad Shah played only a small part in the internal politics of his country, on the whole doing what his counselors (some pro-German, some pro-British, some pro-Russian) advised him to do. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.[1]. [29] In 1779 following the death of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the leader of the Qajars, set out to reunify Iran. The immediate ancestor of the Qajar dynasty, Shah Qoli Khan of the Quvanlu of Ganja (also spelled Ghovanloo or Ghovanlou), married into the Quvanlu Qajars of Astarabad. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 - 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12 after the removal of his father . ahmad shah qajar cause of death. When Mohammad Shah died in 1848 the succession passed to his son Nasser-e-Din, who proved to be the ablest and most successful of the Qajar sovereigns. Nasser ed-Din Shah tried to exploit the mutual distrust between Great Britain and Russia to preserve Persia's independence, but foreign interference and territorial encroachment increased under his rule. The death of Mohammad- Ali Shah Qajar (b. 1742-1797) was the founder of the Qajar dynasty that ruled Persia until 1924. [89] Due to the latter reason, as Prof. Dr. Touraj Atabaki states, declaring neutrality was useless, especially as Iran had no force to implement this policy. Public anger mounted as the Shah sold off concessions such as road building monopolies, the authority to collect duties on imports, etc. Smirnov was rightly suspected by the constitutionalists of being a Russian agent; but the Russian embassy, insisting that Smirnov acted only as a tutor, objected to his dismissal and dropped hints that Russia was prepared to recall half of the Russian troops stationed at Qazvn if Smirnov was allowed to stay (S. . Taqzda, eba-ye q-ye Sayyed asan Taqzda motamel bar amma- az tr-e awel-e enqelb o maryat-e rn, Tehran, 1338 ./1959, p. 89). In 1744, Nader Shah had granted the kingship of the Kartli and Kakheti to Teimuraz II and his son Erekle II (Heraclius II) respectively, as a reward for their loyalty. In October, an elected assembly convened and drew up a constitution that provided for strict limitations on royal power, an elected parliament, or Majles, with wide powers to represent the people and a government with a cabinet subject to confirmation by the Majles. State Hermitage Museum. Hoping to head off this movement and encouraged by politicians opposed to Re Khan, in September, 1925, Amad Shah announced in a telegram to Re Khan his intention to sail from Marseilles on October 2 and return to Iran. [33] As the Cambridge History of Iran states, its permanent secession was inconceivable and had to be resisted in the same way as one would resist an attempt at the separation of Fars or Gilan. After the start of the Russian Revolution, many tsarist supporters remained in Persia as members of the Cossack Brigade rather than fighting for or against the Soviet Union. The education of the young king thus passed into the hands of men whose sole aim was to make Amad Shah into a genuine constitutional monarch. [clarification needed] Furthermore, under the Anglo-Persian Agreement, Persia received only a small fraction of the income generated by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. In 1923, Ahmad Shah went into exile in Europe. akm-al-molk was charged with purging the court of undesirable elements and did so with considerable vigor and integrity, dismissing numerous unworthy tutors and officials and corrupt courtiers. [23][86], British and Russian officials coordinated as the Russian army, still present in Persia, invaded the capital again and suspended the parliament. He was buried at the Shrine of Imam Husain, Karbala, Iraq. [20][23] Qajar Iran's territorial integrity was further weakened during the Persian campaign of World War I and the invasion by the Ottoman Empire. Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed monarch as Reza Shah Pahlavi, reigning from 1925 to 1941. Most serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Revolution would inaugurate a new era of independence from the great powers ended when, under the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907, Britain and Russia agreed to divide Persia into spheres of influence. Two months later, Re Khan entered the cabinet, replacing Colonel Masd Khan Kayhn, Sayyed s right-hand man, as minister of war. Franz Roubaud. Amad Shahs position was considerably affected when on 21 February 1921exactly 40 days before the British troops were to begin their evacuation of Irana division of the Persian Cossack brigade under the command of Re Khan marched from Qazvn to Tehran and occupied the capital. Some Swedish officers left, while others sided with the Germans and Ottomans in their intervention in Persia. Agha Mohammad established his capital at Tehran, a town near the ruins of the ancient city of Rayy. 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The front in Iran would last up to the Armistice of Mudros in 1918. 3556. In response, the Shah procured two large loans from Russia (in part to fund personal trips to Europe). Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran. The story of Malekeh Jahan's attempt is told in her grand-son's book on the Qajars (Kadjars), Les . Storming of Lankaran, 13 January 1813. 1923-d.1977), Soltan Ahmad Shah's son from a non-Qajar wife, married a woman of Bulgarian descent and had three children: Princess Sheylah, Princess Eylah and . The shah's failure to respond to protests by the religious establishment, the merchants, and other classes led the merchants and clerical leaders in January 1906 to take sanctuary from probable arrest in mosques in Tehran and outside the capital. The assembly adjourned without reaching a decision, and Re Khan soon thereafter journeyed to Qom, where he conferred with the powerful religious leaders. [69] After centuries of constant warfare on the Armenian Plateau, many Armenians chose to emigrate and settle elsewhere. Erekle II returned to Tbilisi to rebuild the city, but the destruction of his capital was a death blow to his hopes and projects. [100], The British formed the South Persia Rifles in 1916, which was initially separate from the Persian army until 1921. The first four years of Amad Shahs direct reign coincided with World War I and the occupation of Iran by various belligerent troops. [72][73] After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted, and thus for the first time in more than four centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in one part of historic Armenia. At that time, large parts of Iran were under tight Russian influence and control, and since 1910 Russian forces were present inside the country, while many of its cities possessed Russian garrisons. [103], In 1921, the Russian-officered Persian Cossack Brigade was merged with the gendarmerie and other forces, and would become supported by the British. ), High Road to Command: The Diaries of Major-General Sir Edmund Ironside, 1920-22, London, 1972. Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali-Reza Khan, took charge of his affairs as Regent. Mohammad Hasan Khan was killed on the orders of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty. In 1923, Ahmad Shah left Iran for Europe for health reasons. The Russians were to enjoy exclusive right to pursue their interests in the northern sphere, the British in the south and east; both powers would be free to compete for economic and political advantage in a neutral sphere in the center. Another major crisis facing the country and the young shah at the end of the war was caused by the presence on Iranian territory of foreign troops, including the British forces that controlled much of the country. Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir, was the young prince Nasser-e-Din's advisor and constable. Eventually, following prolonged and critical negotiations in Tehran and Moscow that culminated in a personal interview with Lenin by the Iranian envoy, Al-qol Khan Anr, the Soviet government agreed to withdraw Russian troops if Britain withdrew her own forces from Iranian territory. When Amad Shah came of age, he possessed all the qualities of a bad king: He was timid and unable to make clear decisions, lacked strength of character, loved to indulge in pleasure, tended towards bribe-taking, and was avaricious to an almost uncontrollable degree. There were Bahai revolts and a revolt in Khurasan at the time but were crushed under Amir Kabir. . Mostawf, ar-e zendegn-e man y tr-e etem va edr-e Qrya III, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1343 ./1964. For other uses, see. But it was clear to Norman that the shah was motivated by fear, and that he intended to wait out the crisis abroad, returning to Iran if it passed, but remaining in Europe if the Bolsheviks took over (Documents XIII, p. 678). The Qajar rulers were members of the Karagz or "Black-Eye" sect of the Qajars, who themselves were members of the Qajars (tribe) or "Black Hats" lineage of the Oghuz Turks. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Ahmad Shah Qajar. A. [38], With half of the troop's Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the Aras river with, he now marched directly upon Tbilisi, where it commenced into a huge battle between the Iranian and Georgian armies. The shah was thus forced to remain. - . He died four years later at the age of 32. The rebels then convened the Grand Majles of 500 delegates from different backgrounds, which placed Ahmad Shah, Mohammad Ali's eleven-year-old son, on the Sun Throne. Public works such as the bazaar in Tehran were undertaken. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. See also H. Arfa, Under Five Shahs, London, 1964. He interfered in political appointments that lay outside his jurisdiction; he engaged in corrupt practices that came to be widely known, for example in grain speculation, in order to augment his already considerable fortune; and his avariciousness was noted even by foreign observers, including the British minister to Tehran, who reported in a dispatch that the best way to keep the shah well-disposed towards England was to give him, or obtain for him, as much money as we can for that is what he loves most in the world (Norman to Curzon, 25 June 1920, Documents on British Foreign Policy, first series, XIII, London, 1963, p. 538). Arch Iran Med 10.1 (2007): 119-23. punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects, two Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century, invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja, Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia, "Genealogy and History of Qajar (Kadjar) Rulers and Heads of the Imperial Kadjar House", IRAN ii. 1993), pp. Amad Shah feared that Re Khan had posted agents along the royal route to kill him; to calm his anxieties, Re Khan accompanied him to the Iranian frontier. These migrations once again, towards Iran, included masses of Caucasian Azerbaijanis, other Transcaucasian Muslims, as well as many North Caucasian Muslims, such as Circassians, Shia Lezgins and Laks. Ahmad Shah died in 1930[how?] The shah was persuaded to appoint a young pro-British journalist, Sayyed -al-dn abab, as prime minister, but the real power behind the government was Re Khan. The Supplementary Fundamental Laws approved in 1907 provided, within limits, for freedom of press, speech, and association, and for the security of life and property. 113, No. [4] His brother, former crown prince Mohammad Hassan Mirza, assured the continuation of the dynasty through his descendants. The Qajar Iran would become a victim of the Great Game between Russia and Britain for influence over central Asia. war Schah von Persien vom 16. Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12[2] after the removal of his father Mohammad-Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. A wise and honest counselor, he did much to dispel the mistrust and ill-feeling generated during the reign of Moammad-Al Shah. In July 1909, constitutional forces marched from Rasht to Tehran led by Mohammad Vali Khan Sepahsalar Khalatbari Tonekaboni, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. [35] Unlike Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, the then-ruling monarch of Russia, viewed Georgia as a pivot for her Caucasian policy, as Russia's new aspirations were to use it as a base of operations against both Iran and the Ottoman Empire,[36] both immediate bordering geopolitical rivals of Russia. SWEDISH OFFICERS IN PERSIA, 191115", "Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 19211926", The International Qajar Studies Association, International Institute of Social History, Persian Constitutional Revolution (19051911), 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014), Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015), 20182019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament), Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO), Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&oldid=1142569060, States and territories established in 1785, States and territories disestablished in 1925, Early Modern history of Georgia (country), Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Articles to be expanded from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 04:30.
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